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The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) (roughly / p ɑː p ɑː ˈ h ɑː n aʊ m oʊ k u ˌ ɑː k eɪ. ə / [2]) is a World Heritage listed U.S. national monument encompassing 583,000 square miles (1,510,000 km 2) of ocean waters, including ten islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument was proclaimed a national monument on January 6, 2009, by U.S. President George W. Bush [2] [3] and follows his June 6, 2006, creation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The original area was about 83,000 square miles (210,000 km 2).
Papa is still worshipped by some Hawaiians, especially by women, as a primordial force of creation who has the power to give life and to heal. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument was renamed in 2007 to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, [4] in honour of Papa.
The refuge and surrounding area are part of the larger Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. From 1941 until 1993, the atoll was the home of Naval Air Facility Midway Island , which played a crucial role in the Battle of Midway , June 4–6, 1942.
The atoll has historically been included with the rest of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in conservation efforts. It is included in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, created in 2006. Ghost nets and other fishing debris, rising sea levels, and the invasive algae Chondria tumulosa pose a significant risk to the atoll and its ...
In 1940, it became part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Wildlife Refuge and in 1988, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its culturally significant archaeological sites. In 2006, it became part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
It contains important prehistoric archaeological sites of the Hawaiian culture and is part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The United States Census Bureau reports Necker Island's land area as 45.193 acres (18.289 ha). [4]
The wreck was discovered in 2008 (announced on February 11, 2011) by a team of marine archaeologists working on an expedition for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. [2] [3] [4] She is thought to have been built in 1804 by Joseph Glidden in Hallowell, Maine. [5]