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Athens' parallel rise as a significant power in Greece led to friction between herself with Sparta and two large-scale conflicts (the First and Second Peloponnesian Wars), which devastated Greece. Sparta suffered several defeats during these wars, including, for the first time, the surrender of an entire Spartan unit at Sphacteria in 425 BC ...
But at its end, a massive Spartan invasion of Attica forced Athens to cede the lands it had won on the Greek mainland, and Athens and Sparta recognized each other's right to control their respective alliance systems. [17] The war was officially ended by the Thirty Years' Peace, signed in the winter of 446/5 BC. [18]
An Athenian army of c. 10,000 hoplites marched to meet the Persian army of about 25,000 troops [citation needed]. The Athenians were at a significant disadvantage both strategically and tactically. Raising such a large army had denuded Athens of defenders, and thus any attack in the Athenian rear would cut off the Army from the City.
In 481 BC, Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece requesting "earth and water" but very deliberately omitting Athens and Sparta. [37] Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading cities. A congress met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC, [ 38 ] and a confederate alliance of Greek city-states was formed.
Greek helmet may refer to any of the following: Attic helmet; Boar's tusk helmet; Boeotian helmet; Chalcidian helmet; Corinthian helmet; Galea (helmet) Illyrian type ...
The design of helmets used varied through time. The Corinthian helmet was at first standardized and was a successful design. Later variants included the Chalcidian helmet, a lightened version of the Corinthian helmet, and the simple Pilos helmet worn by the later hoplites. Often the helmet was decorated with one, sometimes more horsehair crests ...
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According to Herodotus [1] Sparta had surrounded and captured the plain of Thyrea. When the Argives marched out to defend it, the two armies agreed to let 300 champions from each city fight, with the winner taking the territory. Presumably the idea was to reduce the total number of casualties.
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