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2. Tourmaline - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourmaline

   A crystal of tourmaline is built up of units consisting of a six-member silica ring that binds above to a large cation, such as sodium. The ring binds below to a layer of metal ions and hydroxyls or halogens, which structurally resembles a fragment of kaolin. This in turn binds to three triangular borate ions.

3. Rubellite - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubellite

   Rubellite is the red or pink variety of tourmaline and is a member of elbaite. Rubellite is also the rarest gem in its family. [2] It is occasionally mistaken for ruby. [3] These gems typically contain inclusions. [4] Notable countries where rubellite can be mined include Afghanistan, Brazil, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nigeria, Russia, and the United ...

4. Elbaite - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbaite

   Elbaite, a sodium, lithium, aluminium boro-silicate, with the chemical composition Na(Li 1.5 Al 1.5)Al 6 Si 6 O 18 (BO 3) 3 (OH) 4, [4] is a mineral species belonging to the six-member ring cyclosilicate tourmaline group.

5. Gemstones of Pakistan - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstones_of_Pakistan

   In 1979, Gemstones Corporation of Pakistan was established to develop the gemstones sector in Pakistan, however in 1997 the corporation liquidated. [3] Now a number of organizations are working in this sector including All Pakistan Commercial Exporters Association of Rough & Unpolished Precious and Semi Precious Stones (APCEA) and Pakistan Gems and Jewellery Development Company (PGJDC).

6. List of minerals - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals

   Amethyst crystals – a purple quartz Apophyllite crystals sitting right beside a cluster of peachy bowtie stilbite Aquamarine variety of beryl with tourmaline on orthoclase Arsenopyrite from Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico Aurichalcite needles spraying out within a protected pocket lined by bladed calcite crystals Austinite from the Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Durango, Mexico Ametrine ...

7. Gemstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

   Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including (clockwise from top left) diamond, uncut synthetic sapphire, ruby, uncut emerald, and amethyst crystal cluster. A gemstone (also called a fine gem , jewel , precious stone , semiprecious stone , or simply gem ) is a piece of mineral crystal which, when cut or ...