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Developmental systems theory (DST) is an overarching theoretical perspective on biological development, heredity, and evolution. [1] It emphasizes the shared contributions of genes, environment, and epigenetic factors on developmental processes. DST, unlike conventional scientific theories, is not directly used to help make predictions for ...
The social causation theory is an older theory with more evidence and research behind it. [1] This hypothesis states that one's socioeconomic status (SES) is the cause of weakening mental functions. As Perry writes in The Journal of Primary Prevention, "members of the lower social classes experience excess psychological stress and relatively ...
Ecological systems theory is a broad term used to capture the theoretical contributions of developmental psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner. [1] Bronfenbrenner developed the foundations of the theory throughout his career, [2] published a major statement of the theory in American Psychologist, [3] articulated it in a series of propositions and hypotheses in his most cited book, The Ecology of ...
Sociobiology is based on the premise that some behaviors (social and individual) are at least partly inherited and can be affected by natural selection. [ 7 ] It begins with the idea that behaviors have evolved over time, similar to the way that physical traits are thought to have evolved. It predicts that animals will act in ways that have ...
Stress (biology) Schematic overview of the classes of stresses in plants. Neurohormonal response to stress. Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. [1] When stressed by stimuli that alter an organism's environment, multiple systems respond across the ...
Optimality modeling is the modeling aspect of optimization theory. It allows for the calculation and visualization of the costs and benefits that influence the outcome of a decision, and contributes to an understanding of adaptations. The approach based on optimality models in biology is sometimes called optimality theory.
The concept of the struggle for existence (or struggle for life) concerns the competition or battle for resources needed to live. It can refer to human society, or to organisms in nature. The concept is ancient, and the term struggle for existence was in use by the end of the 18th century.
Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.Although not defined by a strict set of principles and uniting various approaches, it treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), innovation, complex interdependencies, self-evolving systems, and limited ...