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Each year, high-income taxpayers must calculate and then pay the greater of an alternative minimum tax (AMT) or regular tax. [9] The alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) is calculated by taking the taxpayer's regular income and adding on disallowed credits and deductions such as the bargain element from incentive stock options, state and local tax deduction, foreign tax credits, and ...
However, the Leibniz formula can be used to calculate π to high precision (hundreds of digits or more) using various convergence acceleration techniques. For example, the Shanks transformation , Euler transform or Van Wijngaarden transformation , which are general methods for alternating series, can be applied effectively to the partial sums ...
t. e. The number π (/ paɪ /; spelled out as " pi ") is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159. The number π appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics.
Other methods are available to compute the square root digit by digit, or using Taylor series. Rational approximations of square roots may be calculated using continued fraction expansions. The method employed depends on the needed accuracy, and the available tools and computational power.
In mathematics, the root mean square (abbrev. RMS, RMS or rms) of a set of numbers is the square root of the set's mean square. [1] Given a set , its RMS is denoted as either or . The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted ), [2][3] a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted and can be defined ...
The Hadamard product operates on identically shaped matrices and produces a third matrix of the same dimensions. In mathematics, the Hadamard product (also known as the element-wise product, entrywise product [1]: ch. 5 or Schur product [2]) is a binary operation that takes in two matrices of the same dimensions and returns a matrix of the multiplied corresponding elements.
A circular mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a circle with a diameter of one mil (one thousandth of an inch or 0.0254 mm). It corresponds to approximately 5.067 × 10−4 mm2. It is a unit intended for referring to the area of a wire with a circular cross section. As the definition of the unit contains π, it is easy to calculate area ...
Piphilology comprises the creation and use of mnemonic techniques to remember many digits of the mathematical constant π.The word is a play on the word "pi" itself and of the linguistic field of philology.