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Orthographic Dyslexia. Orthographic dyslexia, a subtype of dyslexia, results in difficulty decoding and encoding skills due to slow and inaccurate rates of storing word and letter formations into memory. Orthographic dyslexics have difficulty in storing mental representation of words, especially phonetically irregular words such as word ...
Dyslexia, previously known as word blindness, is a learning disability ('learning difficulty' in the UK [6]) that affects either reading or writing. [1][7] Different people are affected to different degrees. [3] Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing ...
Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder [2] and learning disability that concerns impairments in written expression, which affects the ability to write, primarily handwriting, but also coherence. It is a specific learning disability (SLD) as well as a transcription disability, meaning that it is a writing disorder associated with impaired ...
Pre-1900. The concept of "word-blindness" (German: "wortblindheit"), as an isolated condition, was first developed by the German physician Adolph Kussmaul in 1877. [1][2] Identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881, [3] the term 'dyslexia' was later coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin, [4] an ophthalmologist practicing in Stuttgart, Germany. [5] Rudolf ...
Linnea Carlson Ehri is an American educational psychologist and expert on the development of reading. [1][2] She is a Distinguished Professor Emerita of Educational Psychology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. [3][4] Ehri is known for her theory of orthographic mapping, [5][6] which describes the process of forming ...
Dyslexia. Dyslexia is a disorder characterized by problems with the visual notation of speech, which in most languages of European origin are problems with alphabet writing systems which have a phonetic construction. [1] Examples of these issues can be problems speaking in full sentences, problems correctly articulating Rs and Ls as well as Ms ...
Surface dyslexia is a type of dyslexia, or reading disorder. [1][2] According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe. Individuals with surface dyslexia are unable to recognize a word ...
Surface dyslexia was imitated by damaging the orthographic lexicon so that the program made more errors on irregular words than on regular or non-words, just as is observed in surface dyslexia. [6] Phonological dyslexia was similarly modeled by selectively damaging the non-lexical route thereby causing the program to mispronounce non words.