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David Clarence McClelland (May 20, 1917 – March 27, 1998) was an American psychologist, noted for his work on motivation Need Theory.He published a number of works between the 1950s and the 1990s and developed new scoring systems for the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and its descendants. [1]
McClelland’s research led him to formulate psychological characteristics of people with strong need for achievement. According to McClelland and David Winter (Motivating Economic Achievement), the following features accompany high level of achievement motivation: [4] [6] Moderate risk propensity; Undertaking innovative and engaging tasks;
The kindergarten class of 1998-99 cohort is a sample of children followed from kindergarten through the eighth grade. The kindergarten class of 2010-11 cohort will follow a sample of children from kindergarten through the fifth grade. Longitudinal: Free Data freely available but restricted data requiring an administrative process for access [3]
The emphasis on performance seeks to integrate formerly separate approaches as need for achievement [71] with, for example, social motives like dominance. Personality is intimately tied to performance and achievement motivation, including such characteristics as tolerance for risk, fear of failure, and others.
He also recognized the importance of measurement in science, maintaining a career-long interest in the refinement of measures of motivation by means of content analysis of imaginative thought using, for example, the Thematic Apperception Test which he developed jointly with David C. McClelland. [1]
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); State achievement tests are standardized tests.These may be required in American public schools for the schools to receive federal funding, according to the US Public Law 107-110 originally passed as Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, and currently authorized as Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015.
Stanford Achievement Test Series; T. TerraNova (test) W. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test; Wide Range Achievement Test
Another popular projective test is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in which an individual views ambiguous scenes of people, and is asked to describe various aspects of the scene; for example, the subject may be asked to describe what led up to this scene, the emotions of the characters, and what might happen afterwards.