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Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. [1] Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. [2]
Dying cells are engaged in a process that is reversible until a first irreversible phase or "point-of-no-return" is trespassed. Necrosis is an unprogrammed death of cells, which involves early plasma membrane changes leading to loss of calcium and sodium imbalance. This causes acidosis, osmotic shock, clumping of chromatin and nuclear pyknosis.
Metaplasia occurs when a cell of a certain type is replaced by another cell type, which may be less differentiated. It is a reversible process thought to be caused by stem cell reprogramming. Stem cells are found in epithelia and embryonic mesenchyme of connective tissue. A prominent example of metaplasia involves the changes associated with ...
Necrosis (from Ancient Greek νέκρωσις (nékrōsis) 'death') is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. [1] The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow , who is often regarded as one of the founders of ...
Cell injury is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible.
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.
Karyolysis is the culminating step in the process of necrosis. Necrosis is a form of cellular injury in which living tissue experiences irreversible damage through premature cell death. While both are forms of cell death, necrosis differs from apoptosis as an external factor triggers necrosis rather than it being a controlled and planned process.
Healthy cells maintain a balance called homeostasis, constantly adjusting to various stressors and stimuli from their environment. When a cell can't adapt properly to these changes, it suffers a reversible injury. However, if the cell can't return to its normal state and continues to be exposed to stress or damage, the injury becomes irreversible.