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The origin of the symbol comes from the tradition that Saint Peter was crucified upside down. [1] This narrative first appears in the "Martyrdom of Peter", a text found in, but possibly predating, the Acts of Peter, an apocryphal work which was originally composed during the second half of the 2nd century. [2]
Crucifixion of Saint Peter, from a 15th-century painting. Peter preaches to Agrippa's concubines that they should practise abstinence and chastity. The enraged Agrippa orders Peter to be crucified; Peter requests to be crucified upside-down. [7]
In tradition, the first pope, Saint Peter, was crucified upside-down. Saint Peter (c. 67), traditionally martyred by upside-down crucifixion [3] Pope Linus (Saint) (c. 67 – c. 76) [4] [5] Pope Anacletus or Cletus (Saint) (c. 79 – c. 92) [6] [4] Pope Clement I (Saint) (c. 92 – c. 99), thrown into sea with anchor around his neck [4]
Venerated in: All Christian denominations that venerate saints and in Islam: Canonized: Pre-CongregationAttributes: Keys of Heaven, Red Martyr, pallium, papal vestments, rooster, man crucified upside down, vested as an Apostle, holding a book or scroll, Cross of Saint Peter
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (detail) The painting depicts the martyrdom of St. Peter.According to ancient and well-known tradition, Peter, when he was condemned to death in Rome, requested to be crucified upside-down because he did not believe that a man is worthy to be killed in the same manner as Jesus Christ.
Saint Peter's status as a major martyr is not only because he was the "first vicar of Christ", but also because he was, like Christ, crucified. Although his final request is not mentioned in the canonical New Testament, it was popularly believed (due to the apocryphal text known as the Acts of Peter ) that he demanded: "Crucify me head ...
It shows Peter the Apostle crucified upside-down appearing to Peter Nolasco, founder of the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy, which redeemed Christian slaves from Muslim owners during the Reconquista period in Spanish history.
Saint Peter: Christian apostle, who according to tradition was crucified upside-down at his own request (hence the Cross of Saint Peter), [169] because he did not feel worthy enough to die the same way as Jesus.