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Diagram of a symmetric multiprocessing system. Symmetric multiprocessing or shared-memory multiprocessing [1] (SMP) involves a multiprocessor computer hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all input and output devices, and are controlled by a single operating system instance that treats all ...
Thus the unit MIPS was useful to measure integer performance of any computer, including those without such a capability, and to account for architecture differences, similar MOPS (million operations per second) was used as early as 1970 [4] as well. Note that besides integer (or fixed-point) arithmetics, examples of integer operation include ...
At 4.14 GHz, that gives 4.14 billion * 24 = 99.36 SP GFLOPS, and at 8 cores, 794.88 SP GFLOPS. Peak double precision (DP) performance is roughly half of peak SP performance. For comparison, Intel's 2013 Haswell architecture CPUs can do 16 DP FLOPs or 32 SP FLOPs per cycle (8/16 DP/SP fused multiply-add spread across 2× 256-bit AVX2 FP vector ...
cc-NUMA is also called "distributed shared memory" (DSM) architecture. [11] The difference in access times between local and remote memory can be also an order of magnitude, depending on the kind of connection network used (faster in segmented bus, crossbar, and point-to-point interconnection; slower in serial rings connection).
Out-of-order execution, branch prediction, Harvard architecture: AMD K8: 2003 64-bit, integrated memory controller, 16 byte instruction prefetching AMD K10: 2007 Superscalar, out-of-order execution, 32-way set associative L3 victim cache, 32-byte instruction prefetching: ARM7TDMI (-S) 2001 3 ARM7EJ-S: 2001 5 ARM810 5
An instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer, also referred to as computer architecture.A realization of an ISA is called an implementation.An ISA permits multiple implementations that may vary in performance, physical size, and monetary cost (among other things); because the ISA serves as the interface between software and hardware.
In 8086, the main stack register is called "stack pointer" (SP). The stack segment register (SS) is usually used to store information about the memory segment that stores the call stack of currently executed program. SP points to current stack top. By default, the stack grows downward in memory, so newer values are placed at lower memory addresses.
The former is more convenient for direct hardware implementation of the standard, while the latter is more suited to software emulation on a binary computer. In either case, the set of numbers (combinations of sign, significand, and exponent) that may be encoded is identical, and special values (±zero with the minimum exponent, ±infinity ...