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Nitric oxide synthases (EC 1.14.13.39) (NOSs) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. NO is an important cellular signaling molecule. It helps modulate vascular tone , insulin secretion, airway tone, and peristalsis , and is involved in angiogenesis and neural development.
Nitric oxide is a reactive free radical mediating in neurotransmission, antimicrobial and antitumoral activities. [citation needed] In mice, the function of Nos2 in immunity against a number of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites has been well characterized, whereas in humans the role of NOS2 has remained elusive and controversial. [7]
In humans, nitric oxide is produced from L-arginine by three enzymes called nitric oxide synthases (NOS): inducible (iNOS), endothelial , and neuronal (nNOS). The latter two are constantly active in endothelial cells and neurons respectively, whereas iNOS' action can be induced in states like inflammation (for example, by cytokines ).
RNS are produced in animals starting with the reaction of nitric oxide (•NO) with superoxide (O 2 •−) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO −): [4] [5] •NO (nitric oxide) + O 2 •− (superoxide) → ONOO − (peroxynitrite) Superoxide anion (O 2 −) is a reactive oxygen species that reacts quickly with nitric oxide (NO) in the vasculature ...
Nitric oxide is generated by phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils) as part of the human immune response. [26] Phagocytes are armed with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is activated by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as a single signal or by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) along with a second signal.
Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (cNOS), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS3 gene located in the 7q35-7q36 region of chromosome 7. [5]
Nitric oxide synthases (EC 1.14.13.39) (NOSs) are a family of synthases that catalyze the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine.NO is a chemical messenger with diverse functions throughout the body depending on its enzymatic source and tissue localization.
Nitric-oxide synthase (NAD(P)H-dependent) (EC 1.14.14.47, nitric oxide synthetase, NO synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name L-arginine,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (nitric-oxide-forming). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction