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Neptune's and Venus's have even lower eccentricities of 0.008 6 and 0.006 8 respectively, the latter being the least orbital eccentricity of any planet in the Solar System. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit varies from nearly 0.003 4 to almost 0.058 as a result of gravitational attractions among the planets.
A clear example of this is the eccentricities of the two known Interstellar objects as of October 2019, 1I/'Oumuamua. and 2I/Borisov. 'Oumuamua had an incoming V inf of 26.5 kilometres per second (59,000 mph), but due to its low perihelion distance of only 0.255 au, it had an eccentricity of 1.200.
Next most eccentric orbit is HD 28254 b with an eccentricity at 0.95 +0.03 −0.04. [1] The possible planet SGR 1806-20 b has an even higher eccentricity at 0.994. [80] The disproven planet candidate at VB 10 was thought to have a higher eccentricity of 0.98. [81] Highest orbital inclination: HD 204313 e: HD 204313: 176.092° +0.963° −2.122 ...
[11] [12] However, as a planet grows more massive and its interaction with the disk becomes nonlinear, it may induce eccentric motion of the surrounding disk's gas, which in turn may excite the planet's orbital eccentricity. [13] [14] [15] Low eccentricities are correlated with high multiplicity (number of planets in the system). [16]
For a satellite orbiting a planet, the plane of reference is usually the plane containing the planet's equator. For planets in the Solar System, the plane of reference is usually the ecliptic, the plane in which the Earth orbits the Sun. [1] [2] This reference plane is most practical for Earth-based observers. Therefore, Earth's inclination is ...
In the Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris. Moons by contrast are not in a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent object. Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as that of the Moon or of artificial satellites.
In any planetary system, the orbit of a planet is initially close to a perfect circle, but if there are three or more gas giant planets, its orbit will probably become distorted after a certain period of time. In some cases, one planet may be ejected from the system, and the remaining planets will fall into orbits with a very high eccentricity.
Type Escape velocity Mass Volume ()Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Star: 617.7 km/s Sun [11]332,830 M Earth Sun [26] [27]695,000 km Sun [27]Major planet: 4.3 k m/s Mercury