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Between 1920 and 2000, labour requirements decreased by a factor of 1000, to 3-man-hours per thousand tonnes. [citation needed] In 2013, 70% of global steel output was produced using the basic oxygen furnace. [14] Furnaces can convert up to 350 tons of iron into steel in less than 40 minutes compared to 10–12 hours in an open hearth furnace. [15]
In 2008, 2009, 2015 and 2016 output fell in the majority of steel-producing countries as a result of the global recession. In 2010 and 2017, it started to rise again. Crude steel production contracted in all regions in 2019 except in Asia and the Middle East. India is the 2nd leading producer of iron and steel industries. [citation needed]
As more steel is produced than is scrapped, the amount of recycled raw materials is about 40% of the total of steel produced - in 2016, 1,628,000,000 tonnes (1.602 × 10 9 long tons; 1.795 × 10 9 short tons) of crude steel was produced globally, with 630,000,000 tonnes (620,000,000 long tons; 690,000,000 short tons) recycled.
Nowadays, the steel industry is on the edge of a major technological evolution to deal with the huge amounts of CO 2 produced in the conventional steelmaking process. The use of blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnace produces around 1.8 ton of CO 2 per ton of steel produced. [6]
[3] [4] The level of enrichment possible is limited by the lead-silver eutectic and typically the process stopped around 600 to 700 ounces per ton (approx. 2%), so further separation is carried out by cupellation. [5] The process was economic for lead containing at least 250 grams of silver per ton. [2]
A steel mill or steelworks is an ... only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. ... make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year, a typical ...
To produce a ton of steel in an electric arc furnace requires approximately 400 kilowatt-hours (1.44 gigajoules) per short ton or about 440 kWh (1.6 GJ) per tonne. The theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of scrap steel is 300 kWh (1.09 GJ) (melting point 1,520 °C (2,768 °F)).
This is a list of the largest steel-producing companies in the world mostly based on the list by the World Steel Association. The list ranks steelmakers by volume of steel production in millions of tons over time and includes all steelmakers with production over 10 million in 2021.