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For Allshorn, Frederick II was the "redoubtable champion of the temporal cause" and human freedom itself, who, unlike Emperor Henry IV, Frederick Barbarossa, or any other European monarch until him, never humiliated himself before the papacy and steadfastly maintained his independence. [157]
Ernst Kantorowicz's biography, Frederick the Second, original published in 1927, is a very influential work in the historiography of the emperor.Kantorowicz praises Frederick as a genius, who created the "first western bureaucracy", an "intellectual order within the state" that acted like "an effective weapon in his fight with the Church—bound together from its birth by sacred ties in the ...
Frederick the Second is a biography of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, by the German-Jewish historian Ernst Kantorowicz.Originally published in German as Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite in 1927, it was "one of the most discussed history books in Weimar Germany", [1] and has remained highly influential in the reception of Frederick II. [2]
In 1996, Castel del Monte was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which described it as "a unique masterpiece of medieval military architecture". [3] Described by the Enciclopedia Italiana as "the most fascinating castle built by Frederick II", [4] it also appears on the Italian version of the one cent Euro coin. [5]
Innocent IV, eager to put an end to the Hohenstaufens, excommunicated Frederick II's son, Conrad IV, and preached a crusade against him. Both Frederick II and Conrad IV died in 1254, leaving the Empire without a ruler until 1273—a period known as the Great Interregnum. The Great Interregnum allowed German princes and cities to gain ...
The façade was programmatically decorated with sculptures to glorify the emperor, including one of Frederick himself. [2] Medieval Capua was built on the site of ancient Casilinum (while ancient Capua is today Santa Maria Capua Vetere). A Roman bridge known as the Ponte Casilino crossed the Volturno from the north. Frederick II had a new gate ...
A major turning point was the deposition of Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV at the First Council of Lyon in 1245. This sparked a period of intense crusading in Germany after May 1246. [5] Two rival kings were elected in Germany and both pursued the crusade against the Hohenstaufen, Henry Raspe in 1246–1247 and William II of Holland in 1247 ...
The failure of the Fifth Crusade was a devastating blow to Christendom. Of all the European sovereigns, only Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, was in a position to regain Jerusalem after the loss. [4] Frederick was, like many of the 13th-century rulers, a serial crucesignatus. [5]