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Metaphase (from Ancient Greek μετα- beyond, above, transcending and from Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis) 'appearance') is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). [1]
G 2 phase, Gap 2 phase, or Growth 2 phase, is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated. G 2 phase ends with the onset of prophase, the first phase of mitosis in which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
Meiosis II follows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and will so remain until fertilization. The spindle apparatus of the second meiotic division appears at the time of ovulation. If no fertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation. [18] Approximately 1–2% of ovulations release more than ...
[1] [2] Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities. Micrographic karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining Schematic karyogram demonstrating the basic knowledge needed to read a karyotype
Cells with a defective G 2-M checkpoint will undergo apoptosis or death after cell division if they enter the M phase before repairing their DNA. [1] The defining biochemical feature of this checkpoint is the activation of M-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which phosphorylate proteins that promote spindle assembly and bring the cell to metaphase. [2]
The second meiotic arrest then occurs after ovulation during metaphase 2 and lasts for a much shorter time than the first arrest. Meiotic arrest occurs mainly due to increased cAMP levels in the oocyte, which regulates key regulator cyclin kinase complex maturation promoting factor (MPF). cGMPs produced by somatic follicular cells further ...
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Crossing over occurs between prophase I and metaphase I and is the process where two homologous non-sister chromatids pair up with each other and exchange different segments of genetic material to form two recombinant chromosome sister chromatids. It can also happen during mitotic division, [1] which may result in loss of heterozygosity.