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However, any horse that can store excess amounts of glycogen, usually genetic, can develop this form of ER. [1] Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) is commonly found in breeds that are high strung such as Arabians and thoroughbreds. However, any horse can develop this type of ER if it displays abnormal muscle contractions. [1]
Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM, PSSM, EPSSM) is a hereditary glycogen storage disease of horses that causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.It is currently known to affect the following breeds American Quarter Horses, American Paint Horses, Warmbloods, Cobs, Dales Ponies, Thoroughbreds, Arabians, New Forest ponies, and a large number of Heavy horse breeds.
As a result, the muscle cannot contract efficiently (paralysis). The condition is hypokalemic (manifests when potassium is low; not "causing hypokalemia") because a low extracellular potassium ion concentration will cause the muscle to repolarise to the resting potential more quickly, so even if calcium conductance does occur it cannot be ...
A handful of published reports describe individuals with severe hypokalemia related to chronic extreme consumption (4–10 L/day) of cola. [20] The hypokalemia is thought to be from the combination of the diuretic effect of caffeine [21] and copious fluid intake, although it may also be related to diarrhea caused by heavy fructose ingestion ...
Pseudo-ST-depression, which is a wandering baseline due to poor skin contact of the electrode [3] Physiologic J-junctional depression with sinus tachycardia [3] Hyperventilation [3] Horizontal ST depression in V4, V5, V6 leads during a cardiac stress ECG. Other, non-ischemic, causes include: Side effect of digoxin [4] [3] Hypokalemia [4] [3]
Additionally, horses with a hind limb lameness will tend to reduce the degree of leg use. To do so, some horses will reduce the contraction time of the gluteals on the side of the lame leg, leading to a "hip roll" or "hip dip" and appearance that the hip drops a greater degree on the side of the lame leg. [10]
It allows the horse to maintain condition while reducing trauma to joints, making it especially useful for animals recovering from joint-related lameness. However, weight-bearing rehabilitation is also important before the animal goes back to normal exercise, since swimming does not maintain joint tone. [ 3 ]
Secondary hyperaldosteronism (also hyperreninism, or hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism) is due to overactivity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS).. The causes of secondary hyperaldosteronism are accessory renal veins, fibromuscular dysplasia, reninoma, renal tubular acidosis, nutcracker syndrome, ectopic tumors, massive ascites, left ventricular failure, and cor pulmonale.