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  2. Biological roles of the elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_roles_of_the...

    Selenium, which is an essential element for animals and prokaryotes and is a beneficial element for many plants, is the least-common of all the elements essential to life. [3] [63] Selenium acts as the catalytic center of several antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, [11] and plays a wide variety of other biological roles.

  3. Magnesium in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology

    The use of radioactive tracer elements in ion uptake assays allows the calculation of km, Ki and Vmax and determines the initial change in the ion content of the cells. 28 Mg decays by the emission of a high-energy beta or gamma particle, which can be measured using a scintillation counter.

  4. Calcium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium

    Calcium is an essential element needed in large quantities. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The Ca 2+ ion acts as an electrolyte and is vital to the health of the muscular, circulatory, and digestive systems; is indispensable to the building of bone in the form of hydroxyapatite ; and supports synthesis and function of blood cells.

  5. Selenium in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_in_biology

    Although selenium is an essential trace element, it is toxic if taken in excess. Exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 400 micrograms per day can lead to selenosis. [ 15 ] This 400 microgram ( μg ) Tolerable Upper Intake Level is based primarily on a 1986 study of five Chinese patients who exhibited overt signs of selenosis and a ...

  6. Iodine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 12 December 2024. This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Iodine (disambiguation). Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I) Iodine, 53 I Iodine Pronunciation / ˈ aɪ ə d aɪ n, - d ɪ n, - d iː n / (EYE -ə-dyne, -⁠din, -⁠deen) Appearance lustrous metallic gray solid ...

  7. Molybdenum in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum_in_biology

    Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic life (which includes all plants and animals). [1] At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly in bacteria.

  8. Molybdenum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum

    Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic life (which includes all plants and animals). [85] At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly in bacteria.

  9. Iron in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_in_biology

    Iron plays an essential role in marine systems and can act as a limiting nutrient for planktonic activity. [51] Because of this, too much of a decrease in iron may lead to a decrease in growth rates in phytoplanktonic organisms such as diatoms. [52] Iron can also be oxidized by marine microbes under conditions that are high in iron and low in ...

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