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A lysosome (/ ˈ l aɪ s ə ˌ s oʊ m /) is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. [1] [2] They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins and its lumenal proteins.
However, to obtain energy from its outside environment, cells must not only retrieve molecules from their surroundings but also break them down. [1] This process is known as intracellular digestion. [1] In its broadest sense, intracellular digestion is the breakdown of substances within the cytoplasm of a cell.
LAMP3 is a Type I integral membrane protein consisting of about 416 amino acid residues with about 90% of the protein located within the lumen of the lysosomes. [9] LAMP3 has been shown to be highly expressed in dendritic cells during cell differentiation and maturation. [7]
Accordingly, cell surface expression of LAMP1 is seen in cells with migratory or invasive functions, such as cytotoxic T cells, platelets and macrophages. [16] Cell surface expression of LAMP1 and LAMP2 is also often seen in cancer cells, [ 16 ] [ 17 ] particularly cancers with high metastatic potential, such as colon carcinoma and melanoma ...
The ability of CMA to selectively degrade enzymes involved in the metabolism of free fatty acids (i.e. linoleic and linolic pathway) has proven key for activation of hematopoietic stem cells, [16] thus supporting a role for CMA in stem cell function. CMA activity is upregulated during differentiation of embryonic stem cells and contributed to ...
The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its chromosomes have condensed. Cell nucleus: A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes, and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis (transcription) occur.
The ability of the lysosome to degrade a diverse set of cargo is attributed to the lysosomal lipase and other soluble hydrolases. These enzymes include sulphatases, phosphatases, peptidases, glycosidases, and nucleases. [3] The biochemical role of these enzymes are observed in various pathways, specifically in lipid catabolism.
The process of phagocytosis showing phagolysosome formation. Lysosome(shown in green) fuses with phagosome to form a phagolysosome. Membrane fusion of the phagosome and lysosome is regulated by the Rab5 protein, [1] a G protein that allows the exchange of material between these two organelles but prevents complete fusion of their membranes. [1]