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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Bakke, a 1978 landmark decision, that affirmative action could be used as a determining factor in college admission policy but that the University of California, Davis School of Medicine's racial quota was discriminatory. The Court upheld this case in Grutter v. Bollinger, a 2003 landmark decision.
As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion and nine states explicitly ban its use in the employment process. [10] [11] The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected race-based affirmative action in college admissions in Students for Fair
The 2023 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 2, 2023, and concluded October 6, 2024. The table below illustrates which opinion was filed by each justice in each case and which justices joined each opinion.
Court historians and other legal scholars consider each chief justice who presides over the Supreme Court of the United States to be the head of an era of the Court. [1] These lists are sorted chronologically by chief justice and include most major cases decided by the court.
A federal employee who claims that an agency action appealable to the Merit Systems Protection Board violates an antidiscrimination statute listed in 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(1) should seek judicial review in district court, not the Federal Circuit, regardless whether the MSPB decided her case on procedural grounds or on the merits.
The University appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to review the case on July 1, 1996. In an opinion on the denial of certiorari , Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg , joined by Justice David Souter , noted that the issue of the constitutionality of race in admission was "an issue of great national importance". [ 7 ]
In June 2023, the Supreme Court issued a landmark opinion that ruled affirmative action programs in college admissions unconstitutional. [ 12 ] In September 2023, the SFFA filed a lawsuit challenging the use of race and ethnicity as admissions factors at the United States Military Academy , as the Supreme Court exempted military academies from ...
Texas, 143 S. Ct. 557 (2023) (mem.); and (4) whether the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals' holding that the Oklahoma Post-Conviction Procedure Act precluded post-conviction relief is an adequate and independent state-law ground for the judgment. January 22, 2024: October 9, 2024 Gutierrez v. Saenz: 23-7809