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  2. Hair care - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_care

    Shampoos work by applying water and shampoo to the hair. The specific shampoo for oily or dry hair breaks the surface tension of the water, allowing the hair to become soaked. [6] [7] This is known as the wetting action. The wetting action is caused by the head of the shampoo molecule attracting the water to the hair shaft.

  3. Ammonium thioglycolate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_thioglycolate

    A solution containing ammonium thioglycolate contains a lot of free ammonia, which swells hair, rendering it permeable.The thioglycolic acid in the perm solution reduces the disulfide cystine bonds in the cortex of the hair. [2]

  4. pH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

    The measurement of pH can become difficult at extremely acidic or alkaline conditions, such as below pH 2.5 (ca. 0.003 mol/dm 3 acid) or above pH 10.5 (above ca. 0.0003 mol/dm 3 alkaline). This is due to the breakdown of the Nernst equation in such conditions when using a glass electrode.

  5. Alkaliphile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile

    Alkaliphiles are a class of extremophilic microbes capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5–11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10. These bacteria can be further categorized as obligate alkaliphiles (those that require high pH to survive), facultative alkaliphiles (those able to survive in high pH, but also grow under normal conditions) and haloalkaliphiles (those that ...

  6. Acid dissociation constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant

    Conversely, when pH = pK a, the concentration of HA is equal to the concentration of A −. The buffer region extends over the approximate range pK a ± 2. Buffering is weak outside the range pK a ± 1. At pH ≤ pK a − 2 the substance is said to be fully protonated and at pH ≥ pK a + 2 it is fully dissociated (deprotonated).

  7. Water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

    Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs . If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus ...

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