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The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression [1] proposes that major depressive disorder (MDD) is caused, at least partly, by impaired neurotrophic support.Neurotrophic factors (also known as neurotrophins) are a family of closely related proteins which regulate the survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
While depression is a complex condition with many factors involved, it is commonly attributed to an imbalance of several key monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. This monoamine hypothesis of depression is popular because of the simplicity of the explanation. [4]
There may also be imbalances in mood-regulating neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) like dopamine and serotonin. But this isn’t well understood, either. But this isn’t well understood, either.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid significantly reversed anxiety-like behaviors and stress-induced gastrointestinal hypersensitivity and fecal pellet output. [93] Anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors caused by immobilization stress or nicotine addiction were also reduced in mice treated with the HDACi sodium butyrate and valproic acid. [94]
Despite its longstanding prominence in pharmaceutical advertising, the idea that low serotonin levels cause depression is not supported by scientific evidence. [12] [13] [14] One interpretation is that depression manifests due to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, resulting in
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