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The Boltzmann constant (k B or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. [2] It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the gas constant , in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula , and is used in ...
In number theory, Kaprekar's routine is an iterative algorithm named after its inventor, Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar.Each iteration starts with a number, sorts the digits into descending and ascending order, and calculates the difference between the two new numbers.
Despite the foregoing, there is a difference between the two quantities. The information entropy Η can be calculated for any probability distribution (if the "message" is taken to be that the event i which had probability p i occurred, out of the space of the events possible), while the thermodynamic entropy S refers to thermodynamic probabilities p i specifically.
3-satisfiability can be generalized to k-satisfiability (k-SAT, also k-CNF-SAT), when formulas in CNF are considered with each clause containing up to k literals. [ citation needed ] However, since for any k ≥ 3, this problem can neither be easier than 3-SAT nor harder than SAT, and the latter two are NP-complete, so must be k-SAT.
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[c] [2] For example, a hypothetical weak acid having K a = 10 −5, the value of log K a is the exponent (−5), giving pK a = 5. For acetic acid, K a = 1.8 x 10 −5, so pK a is about 5. A higher K a corresponds to a stronger acid (an acid that is more dissociated at
K a = Coefficient of active pressure w = weight density of soil h = depth of the section (below top soil) where the pressure is being evaluated. β = angle that the top surface of soil makes with the horizontal. φ = angle of internal friction of soil. The expression for passive pressure is: = where: