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chown, the command used to change the owner of a file or directory on Unix-like systems; chgrp, the command used to change the group of a file or directory on Unix-like systems; cacls, a command used on Windows NT and its derivatives to modify the access control lists associated with a file or directory; attrib
The command chown / ˈ tʃ oʊ n /, an abbreviation of change owner, is used on Unix and Unix-like operating systems to change the owner of file system files and directories. Unprivileged (regular) users who wish to change the group membership of a file that they own may use chgrp. The ownership of any file in the system may only be altered by ...
Permissions that affect files and subdirectories include: Read (r) allows a user to look at the contents of files in a directory and list files in subdirectories. Files that are to be granted read access to any user, including the owner, need to have the standard UNIX "owner read" permission set. Write (w) allows a user to modify files in a ...
Setting the setgid permission on a directory causes files and subdirectories created within to inherit its group ownership, rather than the primary group of the file-creating process. Created subdirectories also inherit the setgid bit. The policy is only applied during creation and, thus, only prospectively.
The root directory is the base of the hierarchy, and is usually stored at some fixed location on disk. A hierarchical file system contrasts with a flat file system, where information about all files is stored in a single directory, and there are no subdirectories. Almost all file systems today are hierarchical.
A place for files that might change frequently - especially in size, for example e-mail sent to users on the system, or process-ID lock files. /var/log: Contains system log files. /var/mail: The place where all incoming mail is stored. Users (other than root) can access their own mail only. Often, this directory is a symbolic link to /var/spool ...
In modern systems, a directory can contain a mix of files and subdirectories. A reference to a location in a directory system is called a path. In many operating systems, programs have an associated working directory in which they execute. Typically, file names accessed by the program are assumed to reside within this directory if the file ...
A directory is a logical section of a file system used to hold files. Directories may also contain other directories. The cd command can be used to change into a subdirectory, move back into the parent directory, move all the way back to the root directory or move to any given directory.