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Retrolisthesis can be classified as a form of spondylolisthesis, since spondylolisthesis is often defined in the literature as displacement in any direction. [1] [2] Yet, medical dictionaries usually define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum).
Degenerative anterolisthesis (also called type 3) is a disease of the older adult that develops as a result of facet arthritis and joint remodeling. Joint arthritis, and ligamentum flavum weakness, may result in slippage of a vertebra. Degenerative forms are more likely to occur in women, persons older than fifty, and African Americans.
Usually, the other peripheral joints start to be affected later. Most frequently, there is an asymmetrical involvement of the lower extremities. [10] Reactive arthritis is an aseptic arthritis caused by an infectious pathogen found outside the joint. Particularly affecting the joints in the lower limbs, the arthritis is usually oligoarticular.
Spondylosis is caused from years of constant abnormal pressure, caused by joint subluxation, stress induced by sports, acute and/or repetitive trauma, or poor posture, being placed on the vertebrae and the discs between them. The abnormal stress causes the body to form new bone in order to compensate for the new weight distribution.
That pressure on nearby nerves can cause lower back pain. Other symptoms include sciatica (nerve pain that runs down from the lower back to the legs), back stiffness, numbness, and difficulty walking.
Causes may include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spinal tumors, trauma, Paget's disease of the bone, scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, and the genetic condition achondroplasia. [3] It can be classified by the part of the spine affected into cervical , thoracic , and lumbar stenosis . [ 2 ]
Spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis, piriformis syndrome, pelvic tumors, and pregnancy are other possible causes of sciatica. [3] The straight-leg-raising test is often helpful in diagnosis. [3] The test is positive if, when the leg is raised while a person is lying on their back, pain shoots below the knee. [3]
With increasing age, the occurrence of degenerative spondylolisthesis becomes more common. The most common spondylolisthesis occurs with slipping of L4 on L5. Frymoyer showed that spondylolisthesis with canal stenosis is more common in diabetic women who have undergone oophorectomy (removal of ovaries). The cause of symptoms in the legs can be ...
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