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The Neanderthal skull is distinguished namely by a flat and broad skullcap, rounded supraorbital torus (the brow ridges), high orbits (eye sockets), a broad nose, mid-facial prognathism (the face projects far from the base of the skull), an "en bombe" (bomb-like) skull shape when viewed from the back, and an occipital bun at the back of the skull. [4]
Neanderthals also consumed a variety of plants and mushrooms across their range. [166] [167] They possibly employed a wide range of cooking techniques, such as roasting, [168] smoking, [169] and curing. [170] Neanderthals competed with several large carnivores, but also seem to have hunted them down, namely cave lions, wolves, and cave bears. [32]
Kebara 2 was the first Neanderthal specimen for which the hyoid bone was preserved, a bone found in the throat and closely related to the vocal tract. Its anatomy was virtually identical to a modern one, leading the excavators to controversially suggest that Neanderthals had at least part of the physical requirements for speech.
The remains were first studied by Marcellin Boule, whose reconstruction of Neanderthal anatomy based on la Chapelle-aux-Saints material shaped popular perceptions of the Neanderthals for over thirty years. The La Chapelle-aux-Saints specimen is typical of "classic" Western European Neanderthal anatomy. It is estimated to be about 60,000 years old.
The skull displays many of the "classic" examples of Neanderthal anatomy, including a low, sloping forehead and large nasal openings.The teeth are well preserved and the incisors are heavily worn down, suggesting they were used to hold objects. His leg and foot bones make it clear that Neanderthals walked upright like modern humans.
A Neanderthal was buried 75,000 years ago, and experts painstakingly pieced together what she looked like. ... Pomeroy said the reconstruction helped “bridge that gap between anatomy and 75,000 ...
The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. ISBN 978-0786740734. Gooch, Stan (2008). The Neanderthal Legacy: Reawakening Our Genetic and Cultural Origins. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1594777424. Muller, Stephanie Muller; Shrenk, Friedemann (2008). The Neanderthals. New York ...
Based on directly-dated Neanderthal remains, the date of Neanderthal extinction was between 40,870 and 40,457 years ago. Experts estimate that modern humans first appeared between 42,653 and ...