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For a physician, this score is helpful in deciding how aggressively to treat a condition. For example, a patient may have cancer with comorbid heart disease and diabetes. These comorbidities may be so severe that the costs and risks of cancer treatment would outweigh its short-term benefit.
The grade score (numerical: G1 up to G4) increases with the lack of cellular differentiation - it reflects how much the tumor cells differ from the cells of the normal tissue they have originated from (see 'Categories' below). Tumors may be graded on four-tier, three-tier, or two-tier scales, depending on the institution and the tumor type.
The scores for each of these three criteria are added together to give a final overall score and a corresponding grade as follows: 3-5 Grade 1 tumor (well-differentiated). Best prognosis. 6-7 Grade 2 tumor (moderately differentiated). Medium prognosis. 8-9 Grade 3 tumor (poorly differentiated). Worst prognosis.
A logarithmic chart allows only positive values to be plotted. A square root scale chart cannot show negative values. x: the x-values as a comma-separated list, for dates and time see remark in xType and yType; y or y1, y2, …: the y-values for one or several data series, respectively. For pie charts y2 denotes the radius of the corresponding ...
For example, if the primary tumor grade was 2 and the secondary tumor grade was 3 but some cells were found to be grade 4, the Gleason score would be 2+4=6. This is a slight change from the pre-2005 Gleason system where the second number was the secondary grade (i.e., the grade of the second-most common cell line pattern).
In medicine (oncology and other fields), performance status is an attempt to quantify cancer patients' general well-being and activities of daily life. This measure is used to determine whether they can receive chemotherapy, whether dose adjustment is necessary, and as a measure for the required intensity of palliative care.
Tumour mutational burden (abbreviated as TMB) is a genetic characteristic of tumorous tissue that can be informative to cancer research and treatment. It is defined as the number of non-inherited mutations per million bases (Mb) of investigated genomic sequence, [1] and its measurement has been enabled by next generation sequencing.
Propensity scores are used to reduce confounding by equating groups based on these covariates. Suppose that we have a binary treatment indicator Z, a response variable r, and background observed covariates X. The propensity score is defined as the conditional probability of treatment given background variables: