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In natural deduction the flow of information is bi-directional: elimination rules flow information downwards by deconstruction, and introduction rules flow information upwards by assembly. Thus, a natural deduction proof does not have a purely bottom-up or top-down reading, making it unsuitable for automation in proof search.
Hamilton explained that the IRS offers standardized and itemized deduction options for this deduction. While the standardized deduction provides an exact sum, calculating the itemized deduction ...
If she uses FIFO, her costs are 20 (10+10). If she uses average cost, her costs are 22 ( (10+10+12+12)/4 x 2). If she uses LIFO, her costs are 24 (12+12). Thus, her profit for accounting and tax purposes may be 20, 18, or 16, depending on her inventory method. After the sales, her inventory values are either 20, 22 or 24.
The accrual method records income items when they are earned and records deductions when expenses are incurred. The modified cash basis records income when it is earned but deductions when expenses are paid out. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages, [2] [3] and can be used in a wide range of situations. [4]
The difference between the cost of an inventory calculated under the FIFO and LIFO methods is called the LIFO reserve (in the example above, it is $750, i.e. $5250 - $4500). This reserve, a form of contra account , is essentially the amount by which an entity's taxable income has been deferred by using the LIFO method.
There are certain advantages in tax planning when the cash method of accounting is used: for instance, payment of business expenses may be accelerated before year end, in order to maximize tax deductions, whereas billings for services may be postponed to after year end, so that payments won't be received until the new year, thus postponing tax ...
This adjustment prevents a fictitious increase in the receiving company's value equal to the increase in its inventory by the cost of the goods received but not yet paid for. Without such an accrued expense , a sale of these goods in the period they were supplied would lead to unpaid inventory (recognized as an expense but not actually incurred ...
In tax law, amortization refers to the cost recovery system for intangible property.Although the theory behind cost recovery deductions of amortization is to deduct from basis in a systematic manner over an asset's estimated useful economic life so as to reflect its consumption, expiration, obsolescence or other decline in value as a result of use or the passage of time, many times a perfect ...