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The Kural: English Translation of the Ancient Tamil Text Thirukkural: Chennai (Rare Publications) 2023: Complete: 144 pages. ISBN: 978-9383826643: K. Dhevendhiran: Tirukkural: English version: Kindle edition: 2023: 221 pages: A. Rajamanickam: The Holy Kural: A Comprehensive Prose Rendering Work (Thamarai Publications) 2023: ISBN: 978-8123445236 ...
The first English translation by a native scholar (i.e., scholar who is a native speaker of Tamil) was made in 1915 by T. Tirunavukkarasu, who translated 366 couplets into English. The first complete English translation by a native scholar was made the following year by V. V. S. Aiyar , who translated the entire work in prose.
A cir is a single or a combination of more than one Tamil word. For example, the term Tirukkuṟaḷ is a cir formed by combining the two words tiru and kuṟaḷ. [86] The Kural text has a total of 9310 cirs made of 12,000 Tamil words, of which about 50 words are from Sanskrit and the remaining are Tamil original words. [89]
Tirukkural was originally known as 'Muppāl', [4] meaning three-sectioned book, as presented by its author himself at the king's court, since it contained three sections, viz., 'Aram', 'Porul' and 'Inbam'. Tolkappiyam divides various types of Tamil poetic forms into two, namely, kuruvenpāttu and neduvenpāttu.
Aṟam is the Tamil word for what is known in Sanskrit as 'Dharma', and pāl means 'division'. [5] [6] The concept of aṟam or dharma is of pivotal importance in Indian philosophy and religion. With a long and varied history, the word straddles a complex set of meanings and interpretations, rendering it impossible to provide a single concise ...
John Lazarus (1845–1925) was a Christian missionary to India who rendered the Tirukkural into English.He revised the work of his predecessor William Henry Drew, who had already translated the first 63 chapters (out of the total of 133 chapters) of the Tirukkural, and translated the remaining portion of the Kural text.
This marked the beginning of commentaries in Tamil literary tradition, which reached it peak between the 10th and 15th centuries. [10] Commentaries had a humble beginning in the history of Tamil literature. [11] The earliest commentaries were more of glossaries listing the meanings of difficult terms appearing in poetries. [11]
Tiruvallam Bhaskaran Nair (born G. Bhaskaran Nair) is a 20th-century Malayalam poet known for his Malayalam translation of the ancient Indian philosophical text of Tirukkural, among other Tamil, Sanskrit and English works. Nair translated only the first of the three books of the Kural text, and the translation was made in prose.