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As a rare-earth element, thulium-170 can be used as the pure metal or thulium hydride, but most commonly thulium oxide due to the refractory properties of that compound. [5] [6] The isotope can be prepared in a medium-strength reactor by neutron irradiation of natural thulium, which has a high neutron capture cross section of 103 barns.
Naturally occurring thulium (69 Tm) is composed of one stable isotope, 169 Tm (100% natural abundance).Thirty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 171 Tm with a half-life of 1.92 years, 170 Tm with a half-life of 128.6 days, 168 Tm with a half-life of 93.1 days, and 167 Tm with a half-life of 9.25 days.
thulium-168: 93.1 8.04 fermium-257: 100.5 8.68 thulium-170: 128.6 11.11 polonium-210: 138.376 11.9557 calcium-45: 162.7 14.06 curium-242: 162.8 14.07 gold-195: 186.1 16.08 gadolinium-153: 240.4 20.77 zinc-65: 243.7 21.06 cobalt-57: 271.79 23.483 einsteinium-254: 275.7 23.82 vanadium-49: 330 29 berkelium-249: 330 29 californium-248: 333.5 28.81 ...
An even number of protons or neutrons is more stable (higher binding energy) because of pairing effects, so even–even nuclides are much more stable than odd–odd. One effect is that there are few stable odd–odd nuclides: in fact only five are stable, with another four having half-lives longer than a billion years.
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Thulium-169 is thulium's only primordial isotope and is the only isotope of thulium that is thought to be stable; it is predicted to undergo alpha decay to holmium-165 with a very long half-life. [ 10 ] [ 22 ] The longest-lived radioisotopes are thulium-171, which has a half-life of 1.92 years, and thulium-170 , which has a half-life of 128.6 days.