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For example, when shifting a 32 bit unsigned integer, a shift amount of 32 or higher would be undefined. Example: If the variable ch contains the bit pattern 11100101, then ch >> 1 will produce the result 01110010, and ch >> 2 will produce 00111001. Here blank spaces are generated simultaneously on the left when the bits are shifted to the right.
For example, given a bit pattern 0011 (decimal 3), to determine whether the second bit is set we use a bitwise AND with a bit pattern containing 1 only in the second bit: 0011 (decimal 3) AND 0010 (decimal 2) = 0010 (decimal 2) Because the result 0010 is non-zero, we know the second bit in the original pattern was set.
The most significant digit is an exception to this: for an n-bit Gray code, the most significant digit follows the pattern 2 n-1 on, 2 n-1 off, which is the same (cyclic) sequence of values as for the second-most significant digit, but shifted forwards 2 n-2 places. The four-bit version of this is shown below:
A 1-bit saturating counter (essentially a flip-flop) records the last outcome of the branch. This is the most simple version of dynamic branch predictor possible, although it is not very accurate. A 2-bit saturating counter [1] is a state machine with four states: Figure 2: State diagram of 2-bit saturating counter. Strongly not taken; Weakly ...
When the bit numbering starts at zero for the least significant bit (LSb) the numbering scheme is called LSb 0. [1] This bit numbering method has the advantage that for any unsigned number the value of the number can be calculated by using exponentiation with the bit number and a base of 2. [2] The value of an unsigned binary integer is therefore
Stream ciphers, where plaintext bits are combined with a cipher bit stream by an exclusive-or operation , can be very secure if used properly. [citation needed] However, they are vulnerable to attacks if certain precautions are not followed: keys must never be used twice; valid decryption should never be relied on to indicate authenticity
An asynchronous (ripple) counter is a "chain" of toggle (T) flip-flops in which the least-significant flip-flop (bit 0) is clocked by an external signal (the counter input clock), and all other flip-flops are clocked by the output of the nearest, less significant flip-flop (e.g., bit 0 clocks the bit 1 flip-flop, bit 1 clocks the bit 2 flip ...
In some architectures, assigning a value to one register can affect the value of another: this is called aliasing. For example, the x86 architecture has four general purpose 32-bit registers that can also be used as 16-bit or 8-bit registers. [11] In this case, assigning a 32-bit value to the eax register will affect the value of the al register.