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The following is a list of women who have been elected or appointed head of state or government of their respective countries since the interwar period (1918–1939). The first list includes female presidents who are heads of state and may also be heads of government, as well as female heads of government who are not concurrently head of state, such as prime ministers.
Of the thousands of women who fought for their countries, many had to disguise their gender. When discovered, they were generally dismissed from service, as was the case in Britain and France. In other countries like Germany, Serbia, and Russia they were allowed to serve openly. [2] Women working in a gas mask factory in Geneva, Switzerland
In 2011 it came to light that he had been a dual citizen at the time of his nomination and was thus ineligible to sit in Parliament. Warmington had already renounced his U.S. citizenship by that point; he resigned from his seat and was returned unopposed in a by-election. [348] [349]? 2011: Q3 2011: Sharon Hay Webster: Politician Jus soli: Jamaica
Another 18 countries have had two female leaders, nine countries have had three female leaders, and just two countries – Finland and Iceland – have been headed by four different female leaders.
6 women in South Yemen: Five women had previously been members of the all-appointed Supreme People's Council of South Yemen. [215] Zambia: 1963: Gwendoline Konie: Konie was an appointed member of the Legislative Council; Ester Banda, Margaret Mbeba and Nakatindi Yeta Nganga were the first women elected in 1964: Zimbabwe: 1920: Ethel Tawse Jollie
[1] However, by the agreement negotiated with the trade unions, women undertaking jobs covered by the Dilution agreement lost their jobs at the end of the First World War. [1] Although women were still paid less than men in the workforce, pay inequalities were starting to diminish as women were now getting paid two-thirds of the typical pay for ...
This list considers only the incumbent head of state or government. Heads of state or government assassinated or executed after they left office (e.g. Aldo Moro , Saddam Hussein and Shinzo Abe ) are excluded.
The following monarchs either lost their thrones through deposition by a coup d'état, by a referendum which abolished their throne, or chose to abdicate during the 20th century. A list of surviving former monarchs appears at the end of the article.