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The following is a list of women who have been elected or appointed head of state or government of their respective countries since the interwar period (1918–1939). The first list includes female presidents who are heads of state and may also be heads of government, as well as female heads of government who are not concurrently head of state, such as prime ministers.
Other women protested against the war and tried to persuade world leaders to end it. For example, in 1915, the International Congress of Women held a meeting commonly called the Women's Peace Congress or Women at the Hague, which was attended by more than 1,000 women in the Netherlands.
This is a list of women who had been appointed as leaders of constituent states and dependent territories. This list also separates between the dependent territory leaders and the autonomous area leaders.
Another 18 countries have had two female leaders, nine countries have had three female leaders, and just two countries – Finland and Iceland – have been headed by four different female leaders.
6 women in South Yemen: Five women had previously been members of the all-appointed Supreme People's Council of South Yemen. [215] Zambia: 1963: Gwendoline Konie: Konie was an appointed member of the Legislative Council; Ester Banda, Margaret Mbeba and Nakatindi Yeta Nganga were the first women elected in 1964: Zimbabwe: 1920: Ethel Tawse Jollie
During WWI, large numbers of women were recruited into jobs that had either been vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war, or had been created as part of the war effort. The high demand for weapons and the overall wartime situation resulted in munitions factories collectively becoming the largest employer of American women by 1918.
During World War I and World War II, the primary role of women shifted towards employment in munitions factories, agriculture and food rationing, and other areas to fill the gaps left by men who had been drafted into the military. One of the most notable changes during World War II was the inclusion of many of women in regular military units.
Members of the 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death with their commander Maria Bochkareva (far right) in 1917. Women's Battalions (Russia) were all-female combat units formed after the February Revolution by the Russian Provisional Government, in a last-ditch effort to inspire the mass of war-weary soldiers to continue fighting in World War I.