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Mitragyna speciosa is a tropical evergreen tree of the Rubiaceae family (coffee family) native to Southeast Asia. [3] It is indigenous to Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, [4] where its leaves, known as kratom, have been used in herbal medicine since at least the 19th century. [5]
Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and is one of the main psychoactive constituents in the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [4] It is an opioid that is typically consumed as a part of kratom for its pain-relieving and euphoric effects.
More recently in March 2023, a class action lawsuit was filed against the parent company of kratom drink Feel Free over allegations that consumers were not properly warned about the side effects ...
This Sept. 27, 2017 file photo shows kratom capsules in Albany, N.Y. A U.S. government report released Thursday, April 11, 2019 said the herbal supplement was a cause in 91 overdose deaths in 27 ...
Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an endo position. The exo diastereomer is called isoborneol. ...
Because the plant has not been well-studied in high-quality clinical research, little is known about its toxicology, adverse effects, or safety over long-term consumption. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Its chief active psychoactive constituent is a structurally unique diterpenoid called salvinorin A , [ 4 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] a potent κ-opioid agonist . [ 14 ]
The Dayak (/ ˈ d aɪ. ə k / ⓘ; older spelling: Dajak) or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo. [4] It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable.
An anecdotal government survey indicated that 40% of men and 20% of women in Myanmar chew betel. [32] An aggregate study of cancer registries (2002 to 2007) at the Yangon and Mandalay General Hospitals , the largest hospitals in the country, found that oral cancer was the 6th most common cancer among males, and 10th among females. [ 33 ]