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The placenta functions as an immunological barrier between the mother and the fetus, creating an immunologically privileged site. For this purpose, it uses several mechanisms: It secretes neurokinin B containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasitic nematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host ...
Stillbirth; Other names: Fetal death, fetal demise [1] Ultrasound is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk. Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, neonatology, pediatrics, Symptoms: Fetal death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of pregnancy [1] [2]: Overview tab Causes: Often unknown, pregnancy complications [1 ...
Spontaneous fetal termination after 20 weeks of gestation is known as a stillbirth. [15] The term miscarriage is sometimes used to refer to all forms of pregnancy loss and pregnancy with abortive outcomes before 20 weeks of gestation. The most common symptom of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding, with or without pain. [1]
Reproductive immunology refers to a field of medicine that studies interactions (or the absence of them) between the immune system and components related to the reproductive system, such as maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus, or immunological interactions across the blood-testis barrier.
A common feature of immune factors in causing recurrent pregnancy loss appears to be a decreased maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus. [33] Antiphospholipid syndrome: The antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease that is a common cause of recurrent pregnancy loss.
Isoimmunization occurs when the maternal immune system is sensitized to red blood cell surface antigens. The most common causes of isoimmunization are blood transfusion, and fetal-maternal hemorrhage. [12] The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. [6]
Hydrolethalus syndrome (HLS) is a rare genetic disorder that causes improper fetal development, resulting in birth defects and, most commonly, stillbirth. [1] HLS is associated with HYLS1 mutations. The gene encoding HYLS1 is responsible for proper cilial development within the human body.
Rh disease (also known as rhesus isoimmunization, Rh (D) disease, or rhesus incompatibility, and blue baby disease) is a type of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). HDFN due to anti-D antibodies is the proper and currently used name for this disease as the Rh blood group system actually has more than 50 antigens and not only the ...