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Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Ceruloplasmin is the major copper -carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism .
Ceruloplasmin. Levels of ceruloplasmin are abnormally low (<0.2 g/L) in 80–95% of cases. [5] It can be present at normal levels, though, in people with ongoing inflammation, as it is an acute phase protein. Low ceruloplasmin is also found in Menkes disease and aceruloplasminemia, which are related to, but much rarer than Wilson's disease.
Aceruloplasminemia has been seen worldwide, but its overall prevalence is unknown. Studies in Japan have estimated that approximately 1 in 2 million adults in this population are affected. [4] Aceruloplasminemia belongs to the group of genetic disorders called neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). [citation needed]
Ceruloplasmin is an acute phase protein synthesized in the liver. It is the carrier of the copper ion. It is the carrier of the copper ion. Its level is increased in infections, rheumatoid arthritis , pregnancy, non-Wilson liver disease and obstructive jaundice.
Kernicterus is rare in adults but is prevalent in newborns with underdeveloped blood-brain barriers and lower albumin binding capacities, which otherwise buffers excess bilirubin in adults. To date, only 4 such cases have been published, with 3 of them associated with CN-2, the milder form of the syndrome.
Copper deficiency, or hypocupremia, is defined as insufficient copper to meet the body's needs, or as a serum copper level below the normal range. [1] Symptoms may include fatigue, decreased red blood cells, early greying of the hair, and neurological problems presenting as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and ataxia. [2]
Normal total protein levels are not sufficient to rule out multiple myeloma or other malignant paraproteinemias, but they may also be the cause of moderate-to-marked hyperproteinemia. To determine the reason behind the elevated serum total protein, a serum protein electrophoresis should be carried out. [2] clinical significance
There are also two general causes of cytopenia: autoimmune and refractory. Autoimmune cytopenia is caused by an autoimmune disease when your body produces antibodies to destroy the healthy blood cells. Refractory cytopenia is caused by bone marrow not producing healthy blood cells, and can be a result of cancer.