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Rho(D) immune globulin is made up of antibodies to the antigen Rh o (D) present on some red blood cells. [2] It is believed to work by blocking a person's immune system from recognizing this antigen. [2] Rh o (D) immune globulin came into medical use in the 1960s, [4] following the pioneering work of John G. Gorman.
The term "Rh Disease" is commonly used to refer to HDFN due to anti-D antibodies, and prior to the discovery of anti-Rh o (D) immune globulin, it was the most common type of HDFN. The disease ranges from mild to severe, and occurs in the second or subsequent pregnancies of Rh-D negative women when the biologic father is Rh-D positive.
In this test, a sample of maternal blood is incubated with Rho(D) immune globulin, which will bind to any fetal Rh positive red blood cells, if present. [4] Upon addition of enzyme-treated cDE indicator cells, the presence of Rh positive fetal blood causes rosetting, which can be seen by light microscopy . [ 4 ]
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Rho(D) immune globulin is made from pooled human plasma provided by Rh-negative donors with antibodies to the D antigen. It is used to provide passive immune binding of antigen, preventing a maternal active immune response which could potentially result in hemolytic disease of the newborn .
This is of particular importance to D negative females at or below childbearing age, because any subsequent pregnancy may be affected by the Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn if the baby is D positive. The vast majority of Rh disease is preventable in modern antenatal care by injections of IgG anti-D antibodies (Rho(D) Immune Globulin). The ...
The antibodies can be naturally occurring such as anti-A, and anti-B, or immune antibodies developed following a sensitizing event. [38] Isoimmunization occurs when the maternal immune system is sensitized to red blood cell surface antigens. The most common causes of isoimmunization are blood transfusion, and fetal-maternal hemorrhage. [16]
It is usually performed on Rh-negative mothers to determine the required dose of Rho(D) immune globulin (RhIg) to inhibit formation of Rh antibodies in the mother and prevent Rh disease in future Rh-positive children. [2] It is named after Enno Kleihauer and Klaus Betke who described it in 1957.