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Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain , pain that radiates down the leg , numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [ 1 ]
Cauda equina syndrome, a rare disorder affecting the bundle of nerve roots (cauda equina) at the lower (lumbar) end of the spinal cord, is a surgical emergency. [3] Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting sensation and movement. [ 4 ]
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
It is difficult to develop an animal model that perfectly reproduces the symptoms of depression in patients. It is generic that 3 standards may be used to evaluate the reliability of an animal version of depression: the phenomenological or morphological appearances (face validity), a comparable etiology (assemble validity), and healing similarities (predictive validity).
However, the quality of evidence supporting their use is not high enough for specific recommendations. Physical therapy is commonly prescribed to patients, but the quality of evidence supporting its use for neurogenic claudication is also low. [10] One quarter of all epidural injections are administered to treat symptoms of LSS. [18]
The K-SADS-PL is used to screen for affective and psychotic disorders as well as other disorders, including, but not limited to Major Depressive Disorder, Mania, Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, Generalized Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. [4]
The PHQ-9 (DEP-9 in some sources [13]), a tool specific to depression, scores each of the 9 DSM-IV related criteria based on the mood module from the original PRIME-MD. [14] The PHQ-9 is both sensitive and specific in its diagnoses, which has led to its prominence in the primary care setting.
Scores on the CES-DC range from 0 to 60, in which higher scores suggest a greater presence of depressive symptoms. A score of 15 or higher is interpreted to indicate a risk for depression. However, screening for depression is a complex process and scoring a 15 or higher on the CES-DC should be followed by further evaluation.