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Redundancy is a form of resilience that ensures system availability in the event of component failure. Components (N) have at least one independent backup component (+1).The level of resilience is referred to as active/passive or standby as backup components do not actively participate within the system during normal operation.
Resilience is a multi-facet property, covering four dimensions: technical, organization, social and economic. [6] Therefore, using one metric may not be representative to describe and quantify resilience. In engineering, resilience is characterized by four Rs: robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity.
Geographic redundancy corrects the vulnerabilities of redundant devices deployed by geographically separating backup devices. Geographic redundancy reduces the likelihood of events such as power outages, floods, HVAC failures, lightning strikes, tornadoes, building fires, wildfires, and mass shootings disabling most of the system if not the entirety of it.
High availability is a property of network resilience, the ability to "provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of faults and challenges to normal operation." [ 3 ] Threats and challenges for services can range from simple misconfiguration over large scale natural disasters to targeted attacks. [ 4 ]
This is known as N-model redundancy, where faults cause automatic fail-safes and a warning to the operator, and it is still the most common form of level one fault-tolerant design in use today. Voting was another initial method, as discussed above, with multiple redundant backups operating constantly and checking each other's results.
Redundant I/O domains [12] or I/O partitions [13] for providing virtual I/O to guest virtual machines. Computer clustering capability with failover capability, for complete redundancy of hardware and software. Dynamic software updating to avoid the need to reboot the system for a kernel software update, for example Ksplice under Linux.
Redundancy (information theory), the number of bits used to transmit a message minus the number of bits of actual information in the message; Redundancy in total quality management, quality which exceeds the required quality level, creating unnecessarily high costs; The same task executed by several different methods in a user interface
Vulnerability is an attribute typical to the vessel and therefore heavily affected by the vessel's basic characteristics such as size, subdivision, armouring, and other hardening features, and also the design of the ship's systems, in particular the location of equipment, degrees of redundancy and separation, and the presence within a system of ...