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the Emperor, Empress and Dowager Empress of Russia Ваше Императорское Высочество: Vashe Imperatorskoye Vysochestvo: Your Imperial Highness: Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses (i.e. Imperial children and grandchildren; from 1797 to 1886 the title applied to great- and great-great-grandchildren as well) Ваше ...
The ordinary tribunals, in their organization, personnel and procedure, were modelled very closely on those of France.From the town judge (), who, in spite of the principle laid down in 1864, combines judicial and administrative functions, an appeal lies (as in the case of the justices of the community) to an assembly of such judges; from these again there is an appeal to the district court ...
Although Nicholas gave Count Alexander Benckendorff, the first Head Controller of the Section, few specific instructions, the Emperor intended the Third Section to act as Russia's “moral and political guardian.” [2] Just as Russia had ambassadors to other nations keeping the Emperor apprised of political conditions abroad, Nicholas saw the ...
The emperor had charge over Russia's administrative and external affairs, [14] and sole power to declare war, make peace and negotiate treaties, [15] as well as the supreme command of the armed forces. [16] The emperor also retained authority over the minting of money, [17] as well as the right to grant pardons and quash judicial proceedings. [18]
The tsar, the Boyar Duma and Consecrated Sobor comprised one house, and elected people of different ranks took part in sessions of another house. Deputies of the nobility and posad people had a major impact on the adoption of many of the norms of the Ulozheniye. On 29 January 1649, the drafting and editing of the Ulozheniye concluded.
The Grand Duke Paul, although proclaimed heir of the throne under his father Peter III in 1762, had been long denied succession by his mother Catherine II, who deposed (and possibly assassinated) his father later that year. Her long reign (1762-1796) was deemed by many of her contemporaries, and by Paul himself, as an usurpation.
The nobility arose in the 12th and 13th centuries as the lowest part of the feudal military class, which comprised the court of a prince or an important boyar.From the 14th century land ownership by nobles increased, and by the 17th century, the bulk of feudal lords and the majority of landowners were nobles.
Paul I, Catherine's son, continued the business of his predecessor, by expanding the areas that were subject to state control. [5] Alexander I, however, reversed some of these policies and weakened the censorship. [2] [6] In the second half of the nineteenth century, under Alexander III, freedom of the press was once again significantly ...