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A series of processes that involve carbonization. [2]Carbonization is a pyrolytic reaction, therefore, is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place concurrently such as dehydrogenation, condensation, hydrogen transfer and isomerization.
In the present-day definition given by the IUPAC, a carbocation is any even-electron cation with significant partial positive charge on a carbon atom. They are further classified in two main categories according to the coordination number of the charged carbon: three in the carbenium ions and five in the carbonium ions .
Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to ...
The shikimate pathway, named after shikimic acid as important intermediate, is a seven-step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
Living cationic polymerization is a living polymerization technique involving cationic propagating species. [1] [2] It enables the synthesis of very well defined polymers (low molar mass distribution) and of polymers with unusual architecture such as star polymers and block copolymers and living cationic polymerization is therefore as such of commercial and academic interest.
It is a carbocation due to its positively charged carbon atom. It is part of the family of carbenium ions , with three fluorine atoms as substituents in place of its hydrogen atoms. [ 1 ]
The vinyl cation is a carbocation with the positive charge on an alkene carbon. Its empirical formula of the parent ion is C 2 H + 3.Vinyl cation are invoked as reactive intermediates in solvolysis of vinyl halides, [1] [2] as well as electrophilic addition to alkynes and allenes.
Food scientists working in Australia A food science laboratory. Food science (or bromatology [1]) is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and nutritional science and leads through the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology.