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  2. Lasswell's model of communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasswell's_model_of...

    This makes the process more complicated since each participant acts both as sender and receiver. For many forms of communication, feedback is of vital importance, for example, to assess the effect of the communication on the audience. [17] [12] However, it does not carry the same weight in the case of mass communication. Some theorists argue ...

  3. Grounding in communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounding_in_communication

    This tendency is known as the "actor-observer effect". What this means is that people often attribute their own behavior to situational causes, while observers attribute the actor's behavior to the personality or disposition of the actor. For example, an actor's common reason to be late is due to the situational reason, traffic.

  4. Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)

    In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation. [1] [2] This is often the result of utilising instruments that, by necessity, alter the state of what they measure in some manner. A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire, which causes some of the air to escape, thereby ...

  5. Observer effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect

    Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment Observer bias , a detection bias in research studies resulting for example from an observer's cognitive biases

  6. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Greater likelihood of recalling recent, nearby, or otherwise immediately available examples, and the imputation of importance to those examples over others. Bizarreness effect: Bizarre material is better remembered than common material. Boundary extension: Remembering the background of an image as being larger or more expansive than the ...

  7. Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics)

    The observer has, rather, only the function of registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether the observer is an apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual," is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of ...

  8. List of effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_effects

    Oberth effect (physics) Observer effect (information technology) (computer programming) Observer effect (physics) (physics) Observer-expectancy effect (cognitive biases) (cognitive psychology) Occlusion effect (biology) (otology) Octave effect (effects units) Okorokov effect (physics) Oligodynamic effect (biology and pharmacology of chemical ...

  9. Second-order cybernetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics

    It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science". [1] Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s [note 1] by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead. Foerster referred to it ...