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In the case of Roman citizen men, it is not clear whether the condition that a man is not able to have a concubine at the time that he has a wife pre-dates or post-dates the Constantinian law; [33] ie., whether concubinage existed concurrently with marriage for men in Ancient Rome has been debated in modern scholarship and the evidence is ...
Conservatives such as Cato the Censor (234–149 BCE) considered it improper for women to take a more active role in public life; his complaints indicated that indeed some women did voice their opinions in the public sphere. [159] Roman generals would sometimes take their wives with them on military campaigns, though the practice was discouraged, .
[95] [96] In the same battle, the wives of Indian mercenaries took up the weapons and armors of their fallen husbands and fought against the Macedonians. [97] 320s BCE – Reign of Chandragupta Maurya, who started the custom of kings of the ancient India to employ armed women as bodyguards. They rode war chariots, horses and elephants, and ...
In Roman mythology, the Battle of the Lacus Curtius [2] was the final battle in the war between the Roman Kingdom and the Sabines following Rome's mass abduction of Sabine women to take as brides. It took place during the reign of Romulus , near the Lacus Curtius , future site of the Roman Forum .
Roman society was patriarchal (see paterfamilias), and masculinity was premised on a capacity for governing oneself and others of lower status, not only in war and politics, but also in sexual relations. [9] Virtus, "virtue", was an active masculine ideal of self-discipline, related to the Latin word for "man", vir.
All of the women abducted at the festival were said to have been virgins except for one married woman, Hersilia, who became Romulus's wife and would later be the one to intervene and stop the ensuing war between the Romans and the Sabines. [6] The indignant abductees were soon implored by Romulus to accept the Roman men as their new husbands. [7]
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The historian Gordon Williams suggests that this speech was likely given by the mater familias Cleustrata and functioned as an intentional subversion of a legitimate Roman nuptial speech; therefore, he concludes that the inverse of these claims, the idea of a bride being subservient to their husband, must have been the genuine advice offered to ...