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In the hollow within bones are many other cell types of the bone marrow. Components that are essential for osteoblast bone formation include mesenchymal stem cells (osteoblast precursor) and blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients for bone formation. Bone is a highly vascular tissue, and active formation of blood vessel cells, also from ...
A bone is a rigid organ [1] that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
These blood vessels will eventually develop into red bone marrow. Mesenchymal cells on the bone surface form a membrane known as the periosteum. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid in parallel with the existing matrix, creating layers of compact (cortical) bone.
The angiogenesis process forms new blood vessels form blood vessels that have already been through vasculogenesis. [9] The former requires differentiation of endothelial cells from hemangioblasts and then the further organization into a primary capillary network. The latter occurs when new vessels are built from preexisting blood vessels. [8]
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy ), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on ...
The outer surface of a bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue that is very similar in morphology and function to endosteum. It is called the periosteum , or the periosteal surface. During bone growth , the width of the bone increases as osteoblasts lay new bone tissue at the periosteum.
Following the invading blood vessels, mesenchymal stem cells reach these empty spaces and undergo differentiation into osteoprogenitor cells. These progenitors further mature into osteoblasts, that deposit unmineralized bone matrix, termed osteoid. Mineralization subsequently follows leading to formation of bone trabeculae (Endochondral bone ...