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Effects of an underwater explosion depend on several things, including distance from the explosion, the energy of the explosion, the depth of the explosion, and the depth of the water. [2] Underwater explosions are categorized by the depth of the explosion. Shallow underwater explosions are those where a crater formed at the water's surface is ...
Upon contact with water, a solid crust forms around the lava. Advancing lava flows into this crust, forming what is known as pillow lava . Below ocean depths of about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) where the pressure exceeds the critical pressure of water (22.06 MPa or about 218 atmospheres for pure water), it can no longer boil; it becomes a ...
Lava may be erupted at a volcano or through a fracture in the crust, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F). The volcanic rock resulting from subsequent cooling is often also called lava. A lava flow is an outpouring of lava during an effusive eruption.
Submarine eruptions are volcano eruptions which take place beneath the surface of water. These occur at constructive margins, subduction zones and within tectonic plates due to hotspots. This eruption style is far more prevalent than subaerial activity. For example, it is believed that 70 to 80% of the Earth's magma output takes place at mid ...
When the water turns into steam, it expands at supersonic speeds, up to 1,700 times its original volume. This can be enough to shatter solid rock, and hurl rock fragments hundreds of metres. [7] A phreatomagmatic eruption contains magmatic material, in contrast to a phreatic eruption which does not. [8]
Underwater explosions using dry ice and liquid nitrogen are captured in high definition slow motion by The Backyard Scientist.
The underwater explosion also sent 146 million tons of water from the South Pacific Ocean into the stratosphere. [60] The amount of water vapor ejected was 10 percent of the stratosphere's typical stock. [61] It was enough to temporarily warm the surface of Earth. It is estimated that an excess of water vapour should remain for 5–10 years. [59]
Each process generates different rock; mid-ocean ridge volcanics are primarily basaltic, whereas subduction flows are mostly calc-alkaline, and more explosive and viscous. [ 55 ] Spreading rates along mid-ocean ridges vary widely, from 2 cm (0.8 in) per year at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , to up to 16 cm (6 in) along the East Pacific Rise .