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Toluene can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines. Toluene at 86% by volume fueled all the turbo Formula 1 teams in the 1980s, first pioneered by the Honda team. The remaining 14% was a "filler" of n-heptane, to reduce the octane to meet Formula 1 fuel restrictions.
The octane rating of gasoline is measured in a test engine and is defined by comparison with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and normal heptane that would have the same anti-knocking capability as the fuel under test. The percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in that mixture is the octane number of the fuel.
In the U.S. MTBE has been used in gasoline at low levels since 1979, replacing tetraethyllead (TEL) as an antiknock (octane rating) additive to prevent engine knocking. [19] Oxygenates also help gasoline burn more completely, reducing tailpipe emissions. Oxygenates also dilute or displace gasoline components such as aromatics (e.g., benzene ...
Acetone is a vaporization additive, mainly used with methanol racing fuel; Butyl rubber (as polyisobutylene succinimide, detergent to prevent fouling of diesel fuel injectors) Ferrous picrate, used in diesel fuel to increase fuel conversion efficiency and reduce emissions; Two-stroke oil, for lubrication of small engines reliant on crankcase ...
Premium gas must be at least 93 octane if it contains 10% or more of ethanol Maryland: 87 89 93 Massachusetts: 87 89 93 Michigan: 87 89 93 85 and 86 octane may be sold if labeled as subregular [6] Minnesota: 87 89 91 110 octane fuel may be available at certain locations in southern parts of the state. Mississippi: 87 89 93 Missouri: 87 89 91/93
Gasoline blends with stable octane ratings are produced in several fuel-grades for various types of motors. A low octane rated fuel may cause engine knocking and reduced efficiency in reciprocating engines. Tetraethyl lead was once widely used to increase the octane rating but is not used in modern automotive gasoline due to the health hazard.
The current formulation of 100LL (low lead, blue) aviation gasoline contains 2.12 grams per US gallon (0.56 g/L) of TEL, half the amount of the previous 100/130 (green) octane avgas (at 4.24 grams per gallon), [85] and twice as much as the 1 gram per gallon permitted in regular automotive leaded gasoline prior to 1988 and substantially greater ...
Although initially marketed in 1958 as a smoke suppressant for gas turbines, MMT was further developed as an octane enhancer in 1974. When the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered the phase out of TEL in gasoline in 1973, new fuel additives were sought. TEL has been used in certain countries as an additive to increase the ...