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Studies examining the relationship between historical trauma and health in Native Americans find that perceptions of discrimination are associated with increased participation in unhealthy behaviors (e.g. alcohol abuse), [6] a range of chronic diseases, [21] PTSD, [86] and psychological distress. [87]
In both studies, the students exposed to the sports mascot were more likely to express stereotypical views of Asian-Americans. Although Chief Illiniwek was described only in terms of positive characteristics (as a respectful symbol, not a mascot), the stereotyping of Asian-Americans included negative characteristics, such as being "socially inept".
Of all alcohol-attributable deaths, motor vehicle accidents account for 27.5% and alcoholic liver disease accounts for 25.2%. Alcohol-related fatal car accidents are three times more prevalent among Native Americans than in other ethnicities. Alcohol was shown to be a factor in 69% of all suicides of Native Americans between 1980 and 1998. [163]
The solutions to alcohol problems in Native communities lie in resources outside these communities. Scientific literature has debunked many of these myths by documenting the wide variability of alcohol problems across and within Native tribes and the very different response that certain individuals have to alcohol as opposed to others. [41] [42]
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare states that 80% of Australians regularly consume alcohol. [1] In Australia, a third of the population live in remote and rural areas, where a proportion of these adults engage in risk-taking behaviours such as excessive alcohol misuse which is significantly higher than in major cities of Australia. [1]
Alcohol is the most recreationally used drug internationally, [64] throughout history it has played a variety of roles, from medicine to a mood enhancer. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse however have undergone rigorous examination as a disease which has pervasive physiological and biosocial implications.
Adults from alcoholic families experience higher levels of state and trait anxiety and lower levels of differentiation of self than adults raised in non-alcoholic families. [12] Additionally, adult children of alcoholics have lower self-esteem , excessive feelings of responsibility, difficulties reaching out, higher incidence of depression ...
Alcohol tolerance is increased by regular drinking. [1] This reduced sensitivity to the physical effects of alcohol consumption requires that higher quantities of alcohol be consumed in order to achieve the same effects as before tolerance was established. Alcohol tolerance may lead to (or be a sign of) alcohol dependence. [1]