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The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
UNESCO: "When reproducing foreign words it is important to include the diacritical marks that are placed in various languages above or beneath certain letters (e.g. tilde in Spanish) and that have the effect of modifying their pronunciation. However, the hamza (') and ayn (`) are not used in Arabic transliterations (Shiite, not Shi'ite)." [28]
The hamza (ء) on its own is hamzat al-qaṭ‘ (هَمْزَة الْقَطْع, "the hamzah which breaks, ceases or halts", i.e. the broken, cessation, halting"), otherwise referred to as qaṭ‘at (قَطْعَة), that is, a phonemic glottal stop unlike the hamzat al-waṣl (هَمْزَة الوَصْل, "the hamzah which attaches, connects or joins", i.e. the attachment, connection ...
In Arabic, the alif represents the glottal stop pronunciation when it is the initial letter of a word. In texts with diacritical marks, the pronunciation of an aleph as a consonant is rarely indicated by a special marking, hamza in Arabic and mappiq in Tiberian Hebrew.
Native Arabic long vowels: ā ī ū; Long vowels in borrowed words: ē ō; Short vowels: fatḥa is represented as a, kasra as i and ḍamma as u. (see short vowel marks) Wāw and yāʼ are represented as u and i after fatḥa: ʻain "eye", yaum "day". Non-standard Arabic consonants: p (پ), ž (ژ), g (گ) Alif maqṣūra (ى): ā
It has 34 colleges in the city of Riyadh and in the neighbouring cities, an Arabic Language Institute (for non-speakers of Arabic), a Deanship of Community Service and Continuous Education, and a Community College. It has more than 5,000 academic and administrative staff. [4]
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Arabic Letter High Hamza Kazakh, Jawi forms digraphs U+0675 ٵ Arabic Letter High Hamza Alef preferred spelling is ٴا U+0674 U+0627 U+0676 ٶ Arabic Letter High Hamza Waw preferred spelling is ٴو U+0674 U+0648 U+0677 ٷ Arabic Letter U With Hamza Above preferred spelling is ٴۇ U+0674 U+06C7 U+0678