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Pius X viewed the church as under siege, intellectually from rationalism and materialism, politically from liberalism and anti-clericalism.The pope condemned modernism, a loose movement of Catholic biblical scholars, philosophers and theologians who believed that the church could not ignore new scientific historical research concerning the Bible. [2]
The Oath Against Modernism was instituted by Pope Pius X in his motu proprio Sacrorum antistitum on September 1, 1910. The oath was required of "all clergy , pastors , confessors , preachers , religious superiors , and professors in philosophical-theological seminaries " [ 1 ] of the Catholic Church .
After the pontificate of Pius X, there was a gradual abatement of attacks against modernists. The new Pope Benedict XV, who was elected to succeed Pius X in 1914, once again condemned modernism in his encyclical Ad beatissimi Apostolorum, but also urged Catholics to cease condemning fellow believers. [92]
The pope and most French Catholics considered the law as undermining the independent authority of the Church. [5] Pius viewed it as related to Modernist theories popular in France, and a concerted attack upon the Church. In Italy, Modernism was more political than doctrinal. [4]
Pope Pius X (Italian: Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; [a] 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine , and for promoting liturgical reforms and Thomist scholastic theology.
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His attempts to adapt Catholic theology to modern culture and science made him a key figure in the controversy over modernism in the Catholic Church that flared up in the late 19th-century. During the anti-modernist crusade led by Pope Pius X, Tyrrell was expelled from the Jesuit Order in 1906 and excommunicated in 1908.
Encouraged by Pope Pius X, they sought out and exposed any co-religionist whom they suspected of modernism or liberalism. An important integralist organization was the Sodalitium Pianum , known in France as La Sapinière (fir plantation), which was founded in 1909 by Umberto Benigni .