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  2. Phrase structure rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules

    Beginning with the sentence symbol S, and applying the phrase structure rules successively, finally applying replacement rules to substitute actual words for the abstract symbols, it is possible to generate many proper sentences of English (or whichever language the rules are specified for).

  3. Constituent (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)

    Tests for constituents are diagnostics used to identify sentence structure. There are numerous tests for constituents that are commonly used to identify the constituents of English sentences. 15 of the most commonly used tests are listed next: 1) coordination (conjunction), 2) pro-form substitution (replacement), 3) topicalization (fronting), 4) do-so-substitution, 5) one-substitution, 6 ...

  4. Pro-verb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-verb

    Many languages use a replacement verb as a pro-verb to avoid repetition: English "do" (for example, "I like pie, and so does he"), French: faire, Swedish: göra. [ 2 ] The parallels between the roles of pronouns and pro-verbs on language are "striking": both are anaphoric and coreferential , able to replace very complex syntactic structures .

  5. Sentence (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)

    A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a subject and a predicate, e.g. "I have a ball." In this sentence, one can change the persons, e.g. "We have a ball." However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence that does not contain a main clause, e.g. "Mary!", "Precisely so.", "Next Tuesday evening after it gets dark."

  6. Noun phrase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase

    Almost every sentence contains at least one noun phrase. Those five beautiful shiny Arkansas Black apples is a noun phrase of which apples is the head. To test, a single pronoun can replace the whole noun phrase, as in "They look delicious". Current economic weakness may be a result of high energy prices.

  7. Paraphrase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphrase

    A paraphrase or rephrase (/ ˈ p ær ə ˌ f r eɪ z /) is the rendering of the same text in different words without losing the meaning of the text itself. [1] More often than not, a paraphrased text can convey its meaning better than the original words. In other words, it is a copy of the text in meaning, but which is different from the original.

  8. Question mark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_mark

    Some browsers may display the character in the previous sentence as a forward question mark due to font or text directionality issues. In addition, the Thaana script in Dhivehi uses the mirrored question mark: މަރުހަބާ؟ The Arabic question mark is also used in some other right-to-left scripts: N'Ko, Syriac and Adlam.

  9. Cohesion (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)

    Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence. There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical cohesion: based on structural content