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The Western Resource Adequacy Program (WRAP) is an electricity planning and sharing agreement between electric utilities of the Western Power Pool. Its goals are to improve regional reliability and adequacy while decreasing costs by moving utilities from an individual utility framework to a regional approach. Program operations are based in Oregon.
The Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) promotes Bulk Electric System (BES) reliability for the entire Western Interconnection system. WECC is the Regional Entity responsible for compliance monitoring and enforcement. In addition, WECC provides an environment for the development of Reliability Standards and the coordination of the ...
The Western Electric rules are decision rules in statistical process control for detecting out-of-control or non-random conditions on control charts. [1] Locations of the observations relative to the control chart control limits (typically at ±3 standard deviations) and centerline indicate whether the process in question should be investigated for assignable causes.
They are (1) a Stability Ratio which compares the long-term variability to the short-term variability, (2) an ANOVA Test which compares the within-subgroup variation to the between-subgroup variation, and (3) an Instability Ratio which compares the number of subgroups that have one or more violations of the Western Electric rules to the total ...
WAPA then sells the surplus generation at cost-based rates to preference power customers under long-term contracts. Any remaining hydropower is then sold at market-based prices on the short-term spot market. Cost-based rates are designed to cover annual operations and maintenance and the federal investment in the facilities, plus interest.
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The electric power transmission grid of the contiguous United States consists of 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of lines operated by 500 companies. The Western Interconnection is a wide area synchronous grid and one of the two major alternating current (AC) power grids in the North American power transmission grid .
Wide-area instability of a large electrical grid unequipped with a WADC is the result of the loss of generator rotor synchronicity, and is typically envisioned as a generator (or group of generators) oscillating with an undamped exponential trajectory as the result of insufficient damping torque.